How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes

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Published 2023-10-21
Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

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Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group - ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams - ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online - ve42.co/Wheeler

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References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia - ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model - ve42.co/Crochet

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

All Comments (21)
  • Imagine the greatness of the man who wrote 1 little paragraph and made mathematicians mad for 2000 years
  • @Gene-ns2wk
    Let’s all appreciate Euclid’s effort he put into writing The Elements just so that Veritasium could make a video about it
  • To call Euclid just "Father of Geometry" is an understatement. The major branches of math are built from Axioms, and Euclid pioneered that. He might as well be called the Father of Pure Mathematics itself.
  • @mikehenson819
    How terribly tragic it is that one lives, studies and discovers the incredible and never knew the greatness of their accomplishment in life.
  • @vaibhav3955
    Veritasium's videos are generally great but the math ones are on another level
  • @swarry3508
    The way this entire video beautifully transforms right from a single point in euclidean geometry to the shape of the entire observational universe itself is so fascinating
  • @meemdic8682
    Related note: if you’re interested in seeing more of and playing around with hyperbolic (and possibly others) geometry, I highly recommend the videogame HyperRogue. It’s a top-down (with poincare projection by default) roguelike, but also features many tools for building projections, tilings and pictures. It’s unique, offers an interesting point of view on a lot of these things and plays around with them in many different ways.
  • @Victor-lr2xr
    Being able to explain complex ideas simply indicates understanding. Well done.
  • @killmajaro1
    Being able to observe and predict a phenomenon as large scale as light bending around an entire galaxy to make a cosmic lense is insane. What a time to be alive.
  • @mosgon
    As an astrophysics major, I love how a video on ancient math turns into a cosmology lesson
  • @miketerrell9530
    What an amazing episode, thank you for putting that together and making the mathematical thinking accessible.
  • @ausgoogtube01
    Brilliant work this video. There is no way I could have understood these concepts from a text book. This approach opens up access to even to relativity and quantum physics imho. Thanks to Veritasium I have some hope of comprehending even modern terminologies without completely understanding the math.
  • Veritasium’s math videos are so good. Just never gets bored watching them.
  • This video combined 3 best kinds of videos you make: 1. History of science & math 2. Visualization of difficult concepts especially those of physics & mathematics 3. The current great curiousity of humanity
  • @petsandpaws8906
    I truly enjoy watching your videos about math, geometry in particular. As a student in Belgium, I excelled in maths but was never motivated by the school or parents to pursue a degree in it. I switched from high maths to computer science before turning 17. Currently I work as an architect drawing in 3D and automating the software (Revit) with custom packages and dynamo scripts to assist collegues. I feel like ive wasted my potential in maths, especially since I was teaching my class at 13 in spherical geometry because the teacher himself didnt get his point across clearly. Seeing someonelike you, makes me realize what I wished I pursuit,even though I understand the chance I couldve gotten as far is slim. Keep making these videos please, thank you so much.
  • @unvergebeneid
    I love how some things went unsolved for millennia and then multiple people have the same idea at the same time. This has happened over and over in the history of science and mathematics.
  • @RealGhoda
    I find it so wild that mathematicians can do crazy things like predicting one supernova appearing 5 times spaced 1 year apart, but do things like spending 2000 years arguing about 1 sentence Edit - How did this start a war. I just exagerated some stuff to make a point
  • @fun_at_work
    I really enjoy these videos. I really appreciate how you present modern theory in an Accessible way, and yet you do it with a humility that is so often lacking in how journalism covers these things. I think that the electric Universe criticisms of the cosmic microwave background research deserves to be answered, but I also believe that the work you're doing here is important no matter how science and Discovery changes what we're seeing.
  • You are gifted with a unique, original, very clear manner of explaining rather difficult-to-grasp or purely theoretical problems in a perspicuous way, easily understandable by a layman with no true mathematical background like myself. Only a person with deep knowledge, assiduousness and experience in math and physics can relay such information to non-experts. I cannot congratulate or thank you enough for the exceptional uploads of your channel. Please keep up the top-notch work. Many, many thanks!