How AC generator works | Flux & EMF graph

AC generator | Construction and Working | Electromagnetic induction | GCSE Physics | IGCSE Physics | IB Physics |AP Physics | JEE | NEET | Class 12 , Class 10 Physics
A moving coil AC generator, also known as an alternator, is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by utilizing the principle of electromagnetic induction. Let's explore its construction and working:
Construction:

Rotor (Armature):

The rotor is a coil of wire mounted on a shaft. It's often made of many turns of insulated copper wire. This coil is free to rotate.
Stator:

The stator is a stationary set of coils or magnets that produce a magnetic field. This field remains fixed relative to the rotor.
Slip Rings and Brushes:

In some designs, slip rings and brushes are used. Slip rings are rings mounted on the rotor shaft that maintain electrical contact with the rotating coil. Brushes, typically made of carbon, ensure continuous contact with the slip rings.
Working:

Initial Position:

The rotor (coil) is initially positioned so that it cuts across the magnetic field lines produced by the stator. The coil is often placed at an angle to the magnetic field to maximize the change in magnetic flux as it rotates.
Rotation of the Rotor:

When an external force (e.g., a prime mover like a turbine or an engine) rotates the rotor, the coil cuts through the magnetic field lines. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this relative motion induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the coil.
Generation of Alternating Current (AC):

As the coil continues to rotate, the direction of the induced current changes periodically. This results in the generation of an alternating current (AC) in the coil.
Slip Rings and Brushes Transfer AC:

The alternating current generated in the coil is transferred to an external load circuit through the brushes and slip rings. The load circuit can be connected to various devices, such as lights, appliances, or power distribution systems.
Frequency and Voltage Control:

The frequency of the generated AC depends on the speed of rotation of the coil and the number of magnetic poles in the stator. Voltage control can be achieved by adjusting the strength of the magnetic field, the number of turns in the coil, or the rotational speed.
This simple alternator design is the foundation for many electrical power generators used in power plants and various applications. It illustrates the conversion of mechanical energy (rotational motion) into electrical energy (alternating current) through the principles of electromagnetic induction.
simulation credits :
phet.colorado.edu
Thumbnail credit :
snl.no/elektromagnetisk_induksjon

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How AC generator works | Flux & EMF graph | IGCSE Physics